Some, however, viewed the war as a watershed, signifying the last armed resistance to the white encroachment and resettlement east of the Mississippi River. Indeed, Black Hawk’s name and a symbolic representation occupy the center of the contemporary Sac & Fox Nation seal and flag. Some Thakiwaki call the Black Hawk War a historical example of an enduring spirit of resistance. Afterward, only 150 to 200 of the original thousand dissidents rejoined their compliant counterparts on the Iowa side of the river. Although Black Hawk survived, the event itself ended tragically with the slaughter of unarmed Thakiwaki crossing the Mississippi River. It entailed an extended series of skirmishes between the United States and a dissident band of one thousand that included five hundred warriors led by Black Hawk. That conflict occurred shortly after their removal. The most notable armed conflict involving the Thakiwaki is perhaps the three-month long Black Hawk War of 1832. The contemporary Sac and Fox population in Oklahoma claim to be predominantly of Thakiwaki decent and typically refer to themselves as both “Sac and Fox” and Sauk. The Meskwaki have resided on the Meskwaki Settlement in central Iowa since 1856, and the Thakiwaki have been in central Oklahoma since the 1870s. Although they were historically associated and closely related by language and culture, the two peoples have always remained geographically and politically distinct. government during treaty negotiations in 1804. The misnomer “Sac and Fox” is a historical accident, a conflation of “Sac” (Sauk), or Thâkîwaki (“people coming forth ,” i.e., “from the water”), and “Fox,” or Meskwâki (“people of the red earth”) misapplied by the U.S. By the 1870s, through a series of dislocations they found themselves in Indian Territory. Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma is a federally recognized known as the “Sac and Fox Tribe of Indians of the Mississippi River in Oklahoma,” and commonly known as the Sac and Fox Nation.
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